Stroke

Stroke is an acute neurological deficit caused by focal cerebral ischemia (ischemic stroke) or hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke). Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Pathophysiology involves interruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to neuronal injury, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. Diagnosis relies on neuroimaging (CT or MRI), clinical evaluation, and laboratory studies. Management includes reperfusion therapies, secondary prevention, rehabilitation, and supportive care; prognosis varies with stroke type, location, and timeliness of treatment.