Spasticity

Spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone due to upper motor neuron lesions. Etiologies include stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Pathophysiology involves hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex and impaired descending inhibitory pathways. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by assessment scales such as the Modified Ashworth Scale. Management includes pharmacologic agents (baclofen, tizanidine), physical therapy, and intrathecal interventions; prognosis depends on underlying neurological injury and intervention.