Opioid-induced Depressive Disorder

Opioid-induced depressive disorder arises when depressive symptoms are directly attributable to opioid intoxication or withdrawal. Etiology includes neurochemical imbalances induced by opioid exposure and predisposing psychiatric vulnerability. Clinically, patients exhibit low mood, anhedonia, fatigue, and impaired functioning temporally associated with opioid use or cessation. Diagnosis requires establishing temporal association, excluding primary depressive disorders, and evaluating opioid exposure. Management involves opioid detoxification, treatment of depressive symptoms (psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy), and relapse prevention.