Nystagmus

Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes resulting from central or peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Clinical features include oscillopsia, imbalance, and visual disturbance. Etiologies include congenital, vestibular, metabolic, or neurologic disorders. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination, oculography, and neuroimaging if indicated. Management depends on underlying cause and may include pharmacologic therapy, vestibular rehabilitation, and supportive measures; prognosis varies with etiology.