Neuromyelitis Optica

NMO is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord, associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies. Clinical features include optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and sensory/motor deficits. Pathophysiology involves complement-mediated astrocyte injury and secondary demyelination. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, MRI, and serology. Management includes immunosuppressive therapy and relapse prevention; prognosis is improved with early intervention but may include permanent neurologic deficits.