Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

NMS is a rare, life-threatening reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by hyperthermia, rigidity, autonomic instability, and altered mental status. Pathophysiology involves dopamine receptor blockade leading to dysregulation of the hypothalamus and basal ganglia. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by elevated CK and exclusion of other causes. Management includes immediate withdrawal of offending agents, supportive care, and pharmacologic therapy (dantrolene, bromocriptine); prognosis is favorable with prompt intervention.