Neural Tube Defect

NTDs are congenital malformations resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube, including spina bifida and anencephaly. Etiology involves genetic, nutritional (folate deficiency), and environmental factors. Clinical features depend on defect location, including motor, sensory, and cranial abnormalities. Diagnosis is prenatal (ultrasound, maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein) or postnatal. Management includes surgical repair, supportive care, and prevention through folate supplementation; prognosis varies with severity.