Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or autoimmune etiologies. Clinical manifestations include headache, fever, neck stiffness, photophobia, and altered mental status. Pathophysiology involves pathogen invasion or immune-mediated inflammation leading to meningeal irritation. Diagnosis is based on cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and microbiologic studies. Management includes empiric antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and management of complications; prognosis depends on etiology, age, and rapidity of treatment.