North Carolina Neurological Foundation (NCNF)

Limbic Encephalitis

Limbic encephalitis is an autoimmune or paraneoplastic inflammatory disorder of the limbic system. Clinical manifestations include memory impairment, seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. Pathophysiology involves antibody-mediated neuronal injury targeting NMDA, AMPA, GABA, or LGI1 receptors. Diagnosis relies on clinical features, MRI, EEG, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and antibody testing. Management includes immunotherapy and treatment of underlying tumors; prognosis varies, with early recognition improving outcomes.