Intracranial Hypertension

Intracranial hypertension refers to elevated pressure within the cranial vault, which may be secondary to mass lesions, hydrocephalus, trauma, or idiopathic causes. Clinical manifestations include headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema, and visual disturbances. Pathophysiology involves increased intracranial volume, reduced venous outflow, and impaired CSF absorption. Diagnosis is based on neuroimaging, lumbar puncture, and clinical assessment. Management includes addressing the underlying cause, pharmacologic therapy (e.g., acetazolamide), surgical interventions, and monitoring of intracranial pressure; prognosis depends on cause and timeliness of intervention.