Hypersomnolence Disorder

Hypersomnolence disorder is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness despite adequate nocturnal sleep, leading to functional impairment. Etiologies include idiopathic hypersomnia, medical conditions (e.g., hypothyroidism), and medication effects. Clinical presentation includes prolonged sleep duration, unrefreshing sleep, and difficulty maintaining wakefulness. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, sleep history, polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency testing. Management combines pharmacologic agents (stimulants or wakefulness-promoting medications), behavioral interventions, and sleep hygiene strategies. Prognosis is variable, with symptomatic improvement achievable through consistent treatment and lifestyle modifications.