Epileptic Encephalopathy

Epileptic encephalopathy encompasses a group of severe epilepsy syndromes in which ongoing epileptic activity contributes to progressive cognitive and developmental impairment. Etiologies are often genetic, involving mutations in ion channels or synaptic proteins. Clinical features include refractory seizures, developmental regression, and neurobehavioral disturbances. Diagnosis relies on EEG patterns, seizure semiology, and genetic testing. Management is challenging, focusing on aggressive seizure control, supportive therapies, and symptomatic care; long-term prognosis is generally poor.