Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal neuronal excitability. Etiologies are heterogeneous, including genetic, structural, metabolic, and immune-mediated causes. Pathophysiology involves imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, often affecting cortical networks. Diagnosis requires clinical history, EEG, and neuroimaging to identify structural or functional abnormalities. Management includes antiepileptic drugs, surgical intervention for refractory cases, and lifestyle modifications; prognosis varies by etiology, seizure type, and treatment responsiveness.