Enuresis

Enuresis is the repeated involuntary or intentional voiding of urine into clothing or bed, typically occurring in children aged five years or older. Etiology includes delayed bladder maturation, genetic predisposition, sleep arousal dysfunction, and psychosocial stressors. Clinically, patients present with nocturnal or diurnal incontinence, often associated with significant distress and social embarrassment. Diagnosis requires repeated episodes over a period of at least three months and exclusion of medical conditions such as urinary tract infections or diabetes. Management includes behavioral interventions, bladder training, bedwetting alarms, and pharmacologic treatment with desmopressin in selected cases. Prognosis is generally favorable, with many children achieving spontaneous resolution with age and appropriate interventions.