Dyskinesia

Dyskinesia encompasses involuntary, abnormal movements often associated with basal ganglia dysfunction. Etiologies include Parkinson disease (levodopa-induced), Huntington disease, and drug-induced causes. Clinical features range from chorea and dystonia to tremor and tics. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by neurologic examination and relevant imaging or genetic testing. Management is etiology-specific, including adjustment of medications, botulinum toxin, or deep brain stimulation; prognosis depends on underlying disease and treatment response.