Down Syndrome (Neurologic Features)

Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21, associated with intellectual disability, hypotonia, and increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurologic features include delayed developmental milestones, impaired motor coordination, and seizure susceptibility. Pathophysiology involves gene dosage effects leading to abnormal neurodevelopment and accelerated neurodegeneration. Diagnosis is confirmed via karyotype analysis. Management is multidisciplinary, including educational interventions, physical therapy, and monitoring for associated neurologic comorbidities; prognosis depends on comorbidities and quality of supportive care.