Delirium

Delirium is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by fluctuating disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition. Etiologies include metabolic derangements, infections, medications, intoxication, and post-surgical states. Pathophysiology involves neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly cholinergic deficiency, and systemic inflammatory responses affecting cortical and subcortical networks. Diagnosis is clinical, guided by validated screening tools such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). Management focuses on identifying and treating underlying causes, environmental modifications, and supportive care; prognosis depends on etiology and comorbidities, with higher mortality in elderly populations.