Cyclothymic Disorder

Cyclothymic disorder is a chronic mood disorder characterized by fluctuating periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for hypomanic or major depressive episodes. Etiology involves genetic vulnerability, dysregulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission, and stress-related environmental influences. Clinically, patients experience mood swings, irritability, and fluctuating energy or activity levels, often causing interpersonal and occupational impairment. Diagnosis requires longitudinal assessment over at least two years in adults (one year in adolescents), ruling out bipolar I or II disorder, and exclusion of substance-induced mood disturbances. Management combines mood-stabilizing pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and psychoeducation to mitigate symptom severity and improve functional outcomes. Prognosis is variable, with early recognition and consistent treatment improving long-term stability and reducing the risk of progression to more severe bipolar disorders.