North Carolina Neurological Foundation (NCNF)

Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by antibodies against the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. It often presents with acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, memory deficits, movement disorders, and autonomic instability. Etiology may be paraneoplastic, frequently associated with ovarian teratomas, or idiopathic. Diagnosis relies on CSF and serum antibody detection and supportive MRI or EEG findings. Management includes immunotherapy (corticosteroids, IVIG, plasma exchange) and tumor resection when applicable, with prognosis favorable if recognized and treated early.