Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a rare, rapidly progressive encephalopathy predominantly seen in children, often associated with viral infections such as influenza. It is characterized by multifocal, symmetric brain lesions affecting the thalami, brainstem, cerebellum, and white matter. Clinical presentation includes altered consciousness, seizures, and rapid neurological deterioration. Diagnosis relies on MRI findings combined with clinical assessment and exclusion of infectious or metabolic mimics. Management is supportive and may include corticosteroids or immunomodulatory therapy, but prognosis is generally poor, with high morbidity and mortality.