Traumatic Brain Injury

TBI refers to brain dysfunction caused by external mechanical force. Clinical manifestations range from mild concussion to severe cognitive and motor deficits. Pathophysiology involves primary injury (contusion, hemorrhage) and secondary injury (edema, ischemia, inflammation). Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, imaging, and neuropsychological testing. Management includes acute stabilization, neurosurgical intervention if indicated, rehabilitation, and long-term cognitive and functional support; prognosis depends on injury severity and intervention timing.