Transient Ischemic Attack

TIA is a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal ischemia without acute infarction. Clinical features mirror stroke symptoms but resolve within 24 hours. Etiology includes atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and small vessel disease. Pathophysiology involves temporary vascular occlusion leading to ischemia without permanent injury. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, neuroimaging, and vascular studies. Management includes risk factor modification, antithrombotic therapy, and secondary stroke prevention; prognosis involves high stroke risk without intervention.