Tardive Dyskinesia

TD is a hyperkinetic movement disorder associated with long-term dopamine receptor antagonist exposure. Clinical features include involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, tongue, and extremities. Pathophysiology involves dopamine receptor supersensitivity and basal ganglia dysfunction. Diagnosis is clinical, often with exclusion of other movement disorders. Management includes discontinuation or adjustment of causative agents, pharmacologic therapy (VMAT2 inhibitors), and supportive care; prognosis may be chronic or partially reversible.