Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia is a cognitive disorder caused by cerebral vascular disease. Clinical features include memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and focal neurological deficits. Pathophysiology involves cumulative ischemic injuries, small vessel disease, and strategic infarctions. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, neuroimaging, and exclusion of other dementias. Management includes vascular risk factor control, cognitive rehabilitation, and symptomatic therapy; prognosis is progressive, with stepwise cognitive decline common.