Young-onset Parkinson Disease

Young-onset PD refers to Parkinson’s disease presenting before age 50. Clinical features include bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Etiology includes genetic mutations (PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1) and environmental exposures. Pathophysiology involves dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra and Lewy body formation. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and exclusion of secondary parkinsonism. Management includes dopaminergic therapy, deep brain stimulation, and supportive care; prognosis is generally slower progression but with higher risk of long-term treatment complications.