Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome

LGS is a severe childhood-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterized by multiple seizure types, intellectual disability, and slow spike-and-wave discharges on EEG. Etiology includes cortical malformations, genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, or post-infectious causes. Pathophysiology involves widespread cortical and subcortical network dysfunction. Diagnosis is clinical and electroencephalographic. Management involves polytherapy with anticonvulsants, ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, or surgery; prognosis is poor, with persistent seizures and cognitive impairment.