Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

LHON is a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder causing acute or subacute painless central vision loss. Etiology involves mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting complex I of the respiratory chain. Pathophysiology includes retinal ganglion cell degeneration and optic nerve atrophy. Diagnosis relies on clinical features, visual field testing, and genetic confirmation. Management is largely supportive, with idebenone showing limited efficacy; prognosis varies, with some spontaneous partial recovery.