Lateral Medullary Syndrome

Lateral medullary syndrome results from occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral artery, leading to infarction of the lateral medulla. Clinical features include ipsilateral facial sensory deficits, contralateral body pain/temperature loss, vertigo, dysphagia, hoarseness, and ataxia. Pathophysiology involves ischemic injury to the lateral medullary structures, including cranial nerve nuclei and spinothalamic tracts. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by MRI and vascular imaging. Management includes acute stroke therapy, rehabilitation, and secondary prevention; prognosis depends on infarct size and early intervention.