Insomnia (Neurologic)

Neurologic insomnia refers to chronic sleep disturbances secondary to central nervous system disorders, such as neurodegenerative disease, brainstem lesions, or epilepsy. Clinical manifestations include difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive impairment. Pathophysiology may involve dysregulation of circadian rhythms, impaired neurotransmitter signaling, or structural lesions affecting sleep centers. Diagnosis relies on clinical history, sleep studies, and exclusion of primary sleep disorders. Management includes treating underlying neurologic disease, behavioral therapy, and pharmacologic interventions; prognosis depends on etiology and response to therapy.