Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within cerebral ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure. Etiologies include congenital malformations, obstruction, hemorrhage, infection, or impaired absorption. Pathophysiology involves ventricular dilation and neuronal injury. Diagnosis is based on neuroimaging, clinical signs, and intracranial pressure assessment. Management involves surgical diversion (ventriculoperitoneal shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy); prognosis depends on cause, timing of intervention, and complications.