Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by rapidly progressive, symmetric weakness, areflexia, and sensory disturbances. Etiologies include post-infectious autoimmune responses, often triggered by Campylobacter jejuni or viral infections. Pathophysiology involves antibody-mediated demyelination or axonal damage in peripheral nerves. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis (albuminocytologic dissociation), and electrophysiologic studies. Management includes intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange, supportive care, and rehabilitation; prognosis is favorable in most cases, though severe forms may result in prolonged disability.