Glioma

Glioma is a heterogeneous group of primary brain tumors originating from glial cells, ranging from low-grade to high-grade malignancies. Clinical features depend on tumor location and include seizures, focal deficits, and cognitive changes. Pathophysiology involves abnormal glial proliferation and tumor-induced disruption of neural circuits. Diagnosis relies on MRI, histopathology, and molecular markers. Management includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies; prognosis varies with tumor grade and molecular characteristics.