Focal Dystonia

Focal dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions affecting a single body region. Etiologies include idiopathic, genetic, or secondary causes such as trauma or medications. Pathophysiology involves basal ganglia dysfunction and abnormal sensorimotor cortical processing. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by electromyography in selected cases. Management includes botulinum toxin injections, oral medications, physical therapy, and occasionally deep brain stimulation; prognosis is chronic but often manageable with therapy.