Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy denotes a broad spectrum of brain dysfunction characterized by altered mental status, cognitive impairment, and neurologic deficits. Etiologies are diverse, including metabolic disturbances, toxins, infections, hypoxia, and neurodegenerative processes. Pathophysiology depends on the specific insult but often involves neuronal injury, neurotransmitter imbalances, and cerebral edema. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by laboratory tests, neuroimaging, and EEG. Management is etiology-specific and supportive, with prognosis contingent on cause, duration, and severity of insult.