Dyslexia

Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in accurate or fluent word recognition, spelling, and decoding, despite normal intelligence and educational opportunities. Pathophysiology involves atypical neural processing in left hemisphere language regions, affecting phonological and orthographic processing. Diagnosis is based on standardized reading assessments, cognitive testing, and exclusion of sensory or intellectual deficits. Management involves structured, evidence-based educational interventions, accommodations, and supportive strategies. Prognosis is generally favorable with early intervention, though persistent reading difficulties may continue into adulthood.