Diplopia (Neurologic)

Diplopia, or double vision, arises from misalignment of the visual axes due to cranial nerve dysfunction, ocular muscle disorders, or central nervous system pathology. Etiologies include cranial nerve palsies, myasthenia gravis, thyroid eye disease, and stroke. Diagnosis requires thorough ophthalmologic and neurologic examination, often supplemented with imaging. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve prism correction, surgery, or medical therapy. Prognosis varies with etiology; acute vascular or traumatic causes may resolve, whereas progressive neuromuscular disorders may result in persistent diplopia.