Cerebral Vasculitis

Cerebral vasculitis is inflammation of cerebral blood vessels, leading to ischemia, hemorrhage, and neurological deficits. It may be primary (primary angiitis of the CNS) or secondary to systemic autoimmune disorders, infections, or malignancies. Clinical manifestations include headache, cognitive impairment, focal deficits, seizures, and stroke-like episodes. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging, laboratory evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and sometimes brain biopsy. Management includes immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide) and treatment of underlying cause; prognosis depends on severity, promptness of diagnosis, and response to therapy.