Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent, non-progressive motor disorders caused by injury or malformation of the developing brain, often before birth. Clinical features include spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia, and associated cognitive, sensory, or speech impairments. Etiology is multifactorial, including hypoxic-ischemic injury, infection, prematurity, or genetic factors. Diagnosis is clinical, supplemented by neuroimaging and developmental assessments. Management is multidisciplinary, including physical therapy, orthotics, medications for spasticity, and surgical interventions; prognosis varies with severity and comorbidities.