Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

BPPV is a vestibular disorder caused by displacement of otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals) into the semicircular canals, leading to transient vertigo triggered by head movements. The posterior semicircular canal is most commonly affected. Clinical presentation includes brief episodes of spinning vertigo, nystagmus, and imbalance, typically lasting seconds to minutes. Diagnosis is clinical, using positional maneuvers such as the Dix-Hallpike test. Management includes canalith repositioning maneuvers (Epley or Semont), vestibular rehabilitation, and education on fall prevention; prognosis is excellent, though recurrences are common.