Axonal Neuropathy

Axonal neuropathy is a peripheral nerve disorder primarily affecting axons rather than myelin, leading to length-dependent distal weakness, sensory loss, and diminished reflexes. Etiologies include diabetes, toxins, infections, metabolic disorders, and hereditary conditions. Diagnosis is supported by electrophysiologic studies showing reduced amplitude of nerve action potentials. Management is etiology-specific and supportive, including metabolic optimization, avoidance of toxins, pain management, and physical therapy. Prognosis varies; axonal regeneration is slow and recovery may be incomplete, especially in chronic or severe cases.