Ataxia

Ataxia refers to a lack of coordinated voluntary movement, often due to cerebellar, sensory, or vestibular dysfunction. Etiologies are heterogeneous, including genetic disorders, stroke, toxins, metabolic disturbances, and autoimmune disease. Clinical features include gait instability, dysmetria, dysarthria, and ocular motor abnormalities. Diagnosis relies on neurologic examination, electrophysiology, imaging, and genetic testing when appropriate. Management is etiology-specific and includes pharmacologic treatment, rehabilitation, and supportive care, with prognosis dependent on underlying cause and reversibility.