Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. Etiology includes both sporadic and familial forms, with pathogenic mechanisms involving glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation. Clinical presentation includes limb weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and respiratory compromise. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, electromyography, and exclusion of mimicking disorders. Management is multidisciplinary, encompassing riluzole or edaravone therapy, respiratory support, and rehabilitative care; prognosis is poor, with median survival of 3–5 years after symptom onset.