Akathisia

Akathisia is a movement disorder characterized by an inner sense of restlessness and a compelling need to move, frequently associated with antipsychotic or antiemetic use. Pathophysiology involves dopaminergic blockade in the basal ganglia and dysregulation of the nigrostriatal pathway. Clinically, patients exhibit pacing, leg swinging, or shifting of weight, accompanied by psychological distress. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with scales such as the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale aiding assessment. Management includes withdrawal or dose adjustment of offending agents, beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, or anticholinergic medications; prognosis is favorable if promptly recognized and treated.