North Carolina Neurological Foundation (NCNF)

Major Neurocognitive Disorder Due To Substance/Medication Use

Major neurocognitive disorder due to substance/medication use arises from chronic use or toxicity of substances such as alcohol, sedatives, or illicit drugs, resulting in persistent cognitive deficits. Etiology involves neurotoxic effects on cortical and subcortical structures, nutritional deficiencies, and coexisting medical conditions. Clinically, patients exhibit memory impairment, executive dysfunction, attention deficits, and behavioral changes. Diagnosis requires a thorough substance use history, cognitive assessment, and exclusion of other causes of dementia. Management involves cessation of the causative agent, cognitive rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy for associated symptoms, and long-term support to prevent relapse.