North Carolina Neurological Foundation (NCNF)

Major Neurocognitive Disorder Due To Alzheimer Disease

Major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by significant cognitive decline, particularly in memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial abilities. Etiology involves beta-amyloid plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, genetic predisposition (e.g., APOE ε4 allele), and environmental risk factors. Clinically, patients demonstrate progressive memory impairment, disorientation, difficulties with language, and eventual loss of independence in activities of daily living. Diagnosis requires clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and neuroimaging, with exclusion of other causes of cognitive decline. Management includes cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, behavioral interventions, caregiver support, and addressing comorbidities, with a generally progressive course despite treatment.