Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic susceptibility, prenatal environmental factors, and neurobiological abnormalities in cortical connectivity and synaptic function. Clinically, individuals present with difficulties in social reciprocity, impaired nonverbal communication, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities. Diagnosis is based on standardized behavioral assessments, developmental history, and exclusion of intellectual disability or other neurodevelopmental disorders. Management includes behavioral therapies (e.g., applied behavior analysis), speech and occupational therapy, and educational support tailored to individual needs. Prognosis varies, with early intervention significantly enhancing functional and adaptive outcomes.