Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing condition defined by impaired control over alcohol consumption, compulsive use, and continued intake despite adverse consequences. Etiology is multifactorial, encompassing genetic susceptibility, neurobiological dysregulation of reward circuits (dopaminergic pathways), psychosocial stressors, and environmental influences. Clinically, AUD manifests as tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, impaired social or occupational functioning, and physical complications such as hepatic disease or neuropathy. Diagnosis requires structured clinical interviews and assessment of DSM-5 criteria. Management is multifaceted, combining psychosocial interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing), pharmacotherapy (e.g., naltrexone, acamprosate), and support group involvement. Prognosis depends on severity, treatment adherence, and comorbid conditions, with sustained abstinence achievable through comprehensive care.