Gambling Disorder

Gambling disorder is characterized by persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to significant impairment or distress, including financial, occupational, and relational consequences. Etiology involves dysregulation of reward circuits, impulsivity, and genetic vulnerability. Clinically, patients demonstrate preoccupation with gambling, need to gamble with increasing amounts of money, repeated unsuccessful attempts to control behavior, and continued gambling despite negative consequences. Diagnosis requires structured clinical assessment and exclusion of other psychiatric or medical conditions. Management incorporates cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, pharmacologic agents (e.g., naltrexone), and support groups. Prognosis varies, with early intervention improving long-term outcomes and reducing relapse risk.