Catatonia (Unspecified)

Catatonia, unspecified, refers to the presence of catatonic features when the etiology—psychiatric or medical—is not clearly determined. Patients may exhibit mutism, stupor, posturing, negativism, or repetitive motor behaviors, often with sudden onset. Etiological understanding remains limited, but neurochemical and structural abnormalities in frontostriatal circuits are implicated. Diagnosis requires detailed clinical observation, exclusion of primary medical or psychiatric causes, and use of standardized catatonia rating instruments. Management typically involves benzodiazepines as first-line treatment, with electroconvulsive therapy reserved for severe or refractory presentations. Prognosis is generally favorable when treated promptly, though undiagnosed underlying conditions can complicate outcomes.