Insomnia Disorder

Insomnia disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, resulting in significant distress or impairment. Etiologies include psychophysiological factors, medical conditions, psychiatric comorbidities, and environmental influences. Patients report non-restorative sleep, daytime fatigue, irritability, and cognitive difficulties. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, sleep diaries, and exclusion of other sleep disorders. Management involves cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, sleep hygiene, and pharmacotherapy if necessary. Prognosis is favorable with adherence to evidence-based treatment, though chronic cases may require ongoing management.